What happens if i overfill oil in my 2002 Honda CRV?

I overfilled the vehicle by about 9-10 qts. Yes I'm an idiot sometimes and move too fast without thinking. I turned the vehicle on and drove maybe 20 yards. It started blowing white smoke from the exhaust. I immediately turned the vehicle off and got out. I understand I need to drain the excess oil out but did I do any permanent damage?

No, you did not do any permanent damage -yet, but there are a couple of things to pay attention to on the cleanup, or you still could do some serious damage:

You got oil into the upper cylinders (combustion chambers) and into the valves (both intake and exhaust) and into the exhaust system (catalytic and O2 sensors) and you hydraulically slammed your oil seals (cam, intermediate, crank front and rear) and you hydraulically shocked the oil pump and filter.

Before you do anything else, change the oil filter -yes the filter, and drain and refill the oil to the correct level. Cross your fingers and try to start and run the engine. If it runs, shut it off right away and thank the almighty your cylinders have good compression. If it does not start, you will need to do a couple of tests while you have things open for cleaning…

Now for cleanup and recovery from a solid oil condition in the oil system:

The entire intake needs to be thoroughly cleaned out, especially the throttle body and the IACV
The PCV valve needs to be replaced. It will stick after taking that hit.
The oil filter element is likely to be internally ruptured. Don't re-use it.
The intake manifold and exhaust manifold should be removed and flushed out with carb cleaner or steam (not warm water - actual steam)
While the exhaust manifold is off, the spark plugs should be pulled and the engine should be cranked over by hand to look for oil gum in the cylinders and in the valves. This is the right time to do a compression test and a leakdown test on each cylinder, but I seriously doubt you will have ring damage or cylinder damage from the short time you ran it with the oil system in that solid condition. If it did not re-start earlier, you will need to see these tests' results.
After cylinder testing is done, or if it was not needed, each cylinder should next be flushed out by shooting carb spray (B12 chemtool) into the plug port with the cylinder at TDC on the exhaust stroke so the oil residue can be blown out the exhaust port.
The spark plugs should be cleaned up.
* The oil pump is a real question mark. If you can watch oil pressure develop on a gauge when the engine is restarted, you can try to trust it, and see if it performs. If all you have is a warning light, it is pretty hard to trust it, as it may fail to develop pressure, due to leaking by. Or you could replace it (not completely fun) and be 100% sure (if it was me, I would put in a new one, but I don't leave things like that to chance), while in fact the oil pump may be just peachy, you never know until you know.
The O2 sensors should be pulled and cleaned out with carb spray - and pulled and cleaned again later after you run the car for about 12 hours.
The catalytic will clean itself out - you drove it maybe 20 yards - there just isn't enough oil that far down the header to be a threat to it.
The engine seals (all 4 - camshaft, intermediate shaft, and crankshaft front and rear) should be checked for leakage after reassembly. They probably will, especially the rear main seal, where it connects to the transmission
After all is cleaned and re-assembled, the engine should be cranked but not started for about 1 minute to re-lubricate the cylinders and pistons, due to the wash-down you did with carb spray. This is where to watch oil pressure to see if it develops properly in the oil pump.
After re-start, it needs about 12 hours of drive time to burn all the oil out of the exhaust header, before the smoke will stop coming out.
My son did the same thing to two different cars. The first one he drove to school without recognizing the problem, and it was towed home. New rings, oil pump, seals, new caltalytic, new O2 sensors - pricey.
The second one he realized right away from the smokescreen what happened, and all that went bad was the oil filter, the PCV valve, and the rear main seal - everything else cleaned up and performed fine.

Berryman's B12 Chemtool is marvelous stuff.