I have a 2006 Honda Civic ex coupe. I live in va, and my safety inspection is on Monday. My car is loud, would that cause me to fail?

My car drives fine, everything is fine, brakes, lights etc.

As we can't hear it over the internet we can't really say. In the UK they would probably issue an advisory notice to enable you to fix it. But we don't know the specifics of your car and the test criteria.

Probably, but it depends.

Is your car supposed to be quiet? Then you have an exhaust problem that could actually be a safety hazard, either for falling off the car or causing exhaust to get into the car.
If you have a modified exhaust that is a bit loud, but fully functional, and better yet, legal in your area, you should be good to go.

Actual law.

Virginia Code

§ 46.2-1049. Exhaust system in good working order

No person shall drive and no owner of a vehicle shall permit or allow the operation of any such vehicle on a highway unless it is equipped with an exhaust system in good working order and in constant operation to prevent excessive or unusual levels of noise; provided however, that for motor vehicles, such exhaust system shall be of a type installed as standard factory equipment, or comparable to that designed for use on the particular vehicle as standard factory equipment. An exhaust system shall not be deemed to prevent excessive or unusual noise if it permits the escape of noise in excess of that permitted by the standard factory equipment exhaust system of private passenger motor vehicles or trucks of standard make.

Not if it is too loud, or why it is too loud.

Details matter as to the why.